Sains Malaysiana 53(5)(2024): 1093-1104

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5305-10

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Spirogyra Species from Water Bodies in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand: Insights into Bioactivity and Antioxidant Potential

(Pencirian Morfologi dan Molekul Spesies Spirogyra daripada Jasad Air di Wilayah Chiang Rai, Thailand: Pandangan tentang Bioaktiviti dan Potensi Antioksidan)

KITTIYA PHINYO^1,2, KUHLAB SAEKU³, WIPAWAN NUNTO³, JEERAPORN PEKKOH¹ &

TIPPAWAN PRASERTSIN^3,*

¹Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

²Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

³Biological Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Chiang Rai Rajabhat University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand

Received: 2 April 2023/Accepted: 18 March 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to identify Spirogyra species collected from lentic (sampling site code CR01) and lotic (sampling site code CR02) water areas in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. The diagnosis was proceeded by studying the morphological characteristics combined with molecular techniques with the chloroplast rbcL gene (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase). Additionally, the bioactive properties of Spirogyra extracts were evaluated through antimicrobial and antioxidant assays. The extraction was performed with water and ethanol extraction. The results indicated that the morphological characteristics of Spirogyra CR01 resembled Spirogyra neglecta, but the data of rbcL gene for this species were not available in the database. Therefore, the Spirogyra CR01 sequence was added to the GenBank database, representing the report of rbcL gene of Spirogyra neglecta sequencing data. Spirogyra CR02 was robustly identified as S. fluviatilisthrough molecular analysis. The extracts from both Spirogyra samples showed that the ethanolic extract has more activity than the water extract. The antimicrobial ability of the ethanolic extract from Spirogyra CR02 was observed to inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, while the ethanolic extract from Spirogyra CR01 only inhibited B. cereus. Moreover, the ethanolic extract of Spirogyra CR01 had statistically significant (p<0.05) antioxidant activity, with the highest value recorded at 114.92±2.38 mg GAE/g extract. Overall, this study provides new sequencing information on the S. neglecta and their potential for use Spirogyra in functional food, functional ingredients and cosmeceutical products.

Keywords: Antioxidant; bioactive compound; lentic water; lotic water; rbcL gene

Abstrak

Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti spesies Spirogyra yang dikumpul dari kawasan perairan lentik (kod tapak persampelan CR01) dan lotik (kod tapak persampelan CR02) di Wilayah Chiang Rai, Thailand. Diagnosis diteruskan dengan mengkaji ciri morfologi yang digabungkan dengan teknik molekul dengan gen rbcL kloroplas (ribulose biphosphate carboxylase). Selain itu, sifat bioaktif ekstrak Spirogyra telah dinilai melalui ujian antimikrob dan antioksidan. Pengekstrakan dilakukan dengan pengekstrakan air dan etanol. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa ciri morfologi Spirogyra CR01 menyerupai Spirogyra neglecta, tetapi data gen rbcL untuk spesies ini tidak tersedia dalam pangkalan data. Oleh itu, jujukan Spirogyra CR01 telah ditambahkan pada pangkalan data GenBank, mewakili laporan gen rbcL data penjujukan Spirogyra neglecta. Spirogyra CR02 telah dikenal pasti sebagai S. fluviatilis melalui analisis molekul. Ekstrak daripada kedua-dua sampel Spirogyra menunjukkan bahawa ekstrak etanol mempunyai lebih aktiviti daripada ekstrak air. Keupayaan antimikrob ekstrak etanol daripada Spirogyra CR02 diperhatikan untuk merencat pertumbuhan Bacillus cereus dan Staphylococcus aureus, manakala ekstrak etanol daripada Spirogyra CR01 hanya merencat B. cereus. Selain itu, ekstrak etanol Spirogyra CR01 mempunyai aktiviti antioksidan yang signifikan secara statistik (p<0.05), dengan nilai tertinggi direkodkan pada 114.92±2.38 mg ekstrak GAE/g. Secara keseluruhannya, kajian ini menyediakan maklumat penjujukan baharu tentang S. neglecta dan potensi mereka untuk menggunakan Spirogyra dalam makanan berfungsi, ramuan berfungsi dan produk kosmeseutikal.

Kata kunci: Air lentik; air lotik; antioksidan; gen rbcL; sebatian bioaktif

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*Corresponding author; email: prasertsintippawan@gmail.com